Síndrome nefrótico secundario a preeclampsia: presentación, manejo y evolución clínica observados en 5 años de experiencia / Nephrotic syndrome due to preeclampsia: Presentation, management and clinical evolution observed in 5 years experience

Introducción: El síndrome nefrótico (SN) es una entidad rara durante el embarazo. En esta etapa, la preeclampsia (PE) severa es la principal causa. Nuestro objetivo fue describir la presentación clínica, las características analíticas, el manejo médico y la evolución de mujeres con SN por PE. Materiales y métodos: Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, realizado entre el 1 de enero de 2017 y el 1 de enero de 2022 (5años). Incluyó mujeres con embarazo ≥20semanas de edad gestacional (EG), internadas por trastorno hipertensivo del embarazo (THE), sin evidencia de daño renal previo a la gestación. Resultados: Entre 652 THE se identificaron 452 PE y 21 SN. La edad materna fue de 25±5,7 años, y la EG al diagnóstico, de 33,1±5,1 semanas. Todas presentaron edema facial y periféricos: 5 derrame pleural, 3 derrame pericárdico y 2 anasarca. La P24 fue de 6,17±2,34g (3,10-10,8), la albúmina sérica de 2,5±0,27g/dl (2,10-2,90) y el colesterol sérico de 281,4±21,7mg/dl (251-316). Hubo 13 que desarrollaron complicaciones maternas: daño renal agudo, edema pulmonar, miocardiopatía dilatada, eclampsia y síndrome HELLP. Todas permanecieron hipertensas en el posparto, requiriendo combinación de dos a tres fármacos antihipertensivos. En el posparto todas recibieron estatinas e inhibidores de la enzima convertidora de angiotensina (IECA) para el manejo de la proteinuria; ninguna desarrolló hiperkalemia o elevaciones de creatinina. La estancia hospitalaria fue de 10,4±3,7 días. Todas revirtieron los parámetros proteinúricos de rango nefrótico antes del alta. No se registraron muertes. Conclusión: La presentación incluyó desde edemas periféricos hasta compromiso seroso. La severidad de la proteinuria fue variable. El uso de IECA no precipitó hiperkalemia ni fallo renal. Las complicaciones maternas fueron frecuentes, pero no se observaron óbitos. (AU)

Introduction: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is rare during pregnancy. The main cause is severe pre-eclampsia (PR). Our aim was to describe the clinical presentation, analytical features, medical management, and progress of women with NS due to PE. Materials and methods: A descriptive, retrospective study, conducted from 01/01/2017 to 01/01/2022 (5years). Women with a gestational age (GA) ≥20weeks were included in the study, hospitalised due to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP), with no evidence of kidney damage prior to gestation. Results: Of the 652 HDP, 452 PE and 21 NS were identified. Maternal age was 25±5.7 years, GA at diagnosis was 33.1±5.1 weeks. All the women had facial and peripheral oedema: 5 pleural effusion, 3 pericardial effusion, and 2 anasarca. Their p24 was 6.17±2.34grams (3.10-10.8), serum albumin 2.5±0.27g/dL (2.10-2.90), and serum cholesterol 281.4±21.7mg/dL (251-316). Thirteen developed maternal complications: acute kidney damage, pulmonary oedema, dilated cardiomyopathy, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. They all remained hypertensive postpartum, and required a combination of two to three antihypertensive drugs. They all received statins postpartum, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to manage proteinuria. None developed hyperkalaemia or creatinine elevation. Hospital stay was 10.4±3.7days. All nephrotic range proteinuria parameters reversed prior to discharge. No deaths were recorded. Conclusion: Presentation ranged from peripheral oedema to serous involvement. Severity of proteinuria varied. Use of ACE inhibitors did not precipitate hyperkalaemia or kidney failure. Maternal complications were frequent, but no deaths were recorded. (AU)

[Nephrotic syndrome due to preeclampsia: Presentation, management and clinical evolution observed in 5 years experience]. / Síndrome nefrótico secundario a preeclampsia: presentación, manejo y evolución clínica observados en 5 años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: Nephrotic syndrome (NS) is rare during pregnancy. The main cause is severe pre-eclampsia (PR). Our aim was to describe the clinical presentation, analytical features, medical management, and progress of women with NS due to PE. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A descriptive, retrospective study, conducted from 01/01/2017 to 01/01/2022 (5years). Women with a gestational age (GA) ≥20weeks were included in the study, hospitalised due to hypertensive disorders in pregnancy (HDP), with no evidence of kidney damage prior to gestation. RESULTS: Of the 652 HDP, 452 PE and 21 NS were identified. Maternal age was 25±5.7 years, GA at diagnosis was 33.1±5.1 weeks. All the women had facial and peripheral oedema: 5 pleural effusion, 3 pericardial effusion, and 2 anasarca. Their p24 was 6.17±2.34grams (3.10-10.8), serum albumin 2.5±0.27g/dL (2.10-2.90), and serum cholesterol 281.4±21.7mg/dL (251-316). Thirteen developed maternal complications: acute kidney damage, pulmonary oedema, dilated cardiomyopathy, eclampsia, and HELLP syndrome. They all remained hypertensive postpartum, and required a combination of two to three antihypertensive drugs. They all received statins postpartum, and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors to manage proteinuria. None developed hyperkalaemia or creatinine elevation. Hospital stay was 10.4±3.7days. All nephrotic range proteinuria parameters reversed prior to discharge. No deaths were recorded. CONCLUSION: Presentation ranged from peripheral oedema to serous involvement. Severity of proteinuria varied. Use of ACE inhibitors did not precipitate hyperkalaemia or kidney failure. Maternal complications were frequent, but no deaths were recorded.

[HELLP Syndrome: clinical-analytical characteristics and evolution observed in two years of experience]. / Síndrome HELLP: características clínicas, analíticas y evolutivas observadas en dos años de experiencia.

INTRODUCTION: HELLP syndrome (H: hemolysis, EL: elevated liver enzymes and LP: low platelets) is a form of severe preeclampsia (PE). The syndrome can be: complete or incomplete (with three analytical criteria, or only one or two); Class i, ii or iii (according platelets < 50,000; 50,000-100,000 or > 100,000/mm3); postpartum or antepartum; with early or late installation (before or after the 34nd week of gestation). We describe and analyze characteristics and evolution observed in hypertensive pregnant patients who developed HELLP. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Retrospective cohort with observation period of two years. It included pregnant hypertensive women who developed HELLP, during the course of their hospitalization in the maternity hospital of our tertiary care hospital. RESULTS: It included 318 hypertensive pregnant women. We observed 28 HELLP. Maternal age was 25.8 ±7.2 years and gestational age at diagnosis 31 ± 1 week. Hypertension was chronic in 4 and gestational in 24; eight had presented PE in the previous pregnancy. There were 10 complete and 18 incomplete syndromes; according to platelet disease there were 3 Class i, 16 Class ii and 9 Class iii. HELLP was postpartum in 3 and antepartum in 25: 18 early and 7 late. There were 17 patients who required intensive care and 10 developed complications linked to HELLP. No maternal deaths were recorded. CONCLUSION: Presentation was variable, exhibiting mostly in gestational hypertension, antepartum and early. Incomplete form and class II thrombocytopenia were more frequent. Maternal complications were frequent but no deaths were observed.

[Utility of the neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio and the polymorphonuclear/ monomorphonuclear ratio, in the prediction of preeclampsia]. / Utilidad del índice neutrófilo/linfocito y del índice polimorfonuclear/monomorfonuclear, en la predicción de preeclampsia.

INTRODUCTION: The appearance of preeclampsia (PE) would comprise the alteration of endothelial function and activation of the inflammatory response, leading to placental hypoperfusion. The neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio (NLR) and the polymorphonuclear/monomorphonuclear ratio (PMR) could measure the underlying inflammatory component and predict the onset of the disorder. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Observational, analytical, case and control study. We retrospectively analysed medical records of pregnant women, hospitalized for hypertension registers. The patients were divided into Group1=with PE development, and Group2=without PE development. RESULTS: 110 patients were included: Group1=58.2% and Group2=41.8%, observing differences between the NLR means (P=.01) and PMR means (P=.02). An NLR ≥4.5 (P=.002; OR=3.9; 95%CI=1.6-9.5) and a PMR ≥3 (P=.004; OR=3.5; 95%CI=1.4-8.4) was related with PE. CONCLUSION: The elevation of NLR and PMR in hypertensive pregnant patients, could be considered indicators for the development of PE.